The relationship between EU competition laws, national competition laws, and laws that regulate markets and market participants (e.g. unfair trading practices) has been on the EU agenda from its very inception, and recently sparked additional debate with the entry into force of the DMA. The DMA replicates some of the concepts of Article 3 of Regulation 1/2003 to define the situations in which the EU regulation of gatekeepers excludes the application of other EU or national laws. Yet, the matter i
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